formulas and functions

What are Formulas in Excel? #

A formula is an expression used to perform calculations.

Always starts with =

Example: #

=A1 + B1

What are Functions? #

A function is a predefined formula in Excel.

Example:

=SUM(A1:A5)

Logical Functions (Important for Analysis) #

Logical functions help in decision-making based on conditions.

IF Function #

Definition #

The IF function checks a condition and returns:

• One value if TRUE
• Another value if FALSE

Syntax #

=IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Example #

Scenario: Pass or Fail #

=IF(A2>=50, "Pass", "Fail")

If marks ≥ 50 → Pass
Else → Fail

Multiple IF (Nested IF) #

=IF(A2>=80,"A", IF(A2>=50,"B","C"))

Grading system

AND Function #

Definition #

Returns TRUE only if all conditions are true

Syntax #

=AND(condition1, condition2)

Example #

Scenario: Eligible for Bonus #

=IF(AND(A2>=100, B2="Yes"), "Bonus", "No Bonus")

Both conditions must be true

OR Function #

Definition #

Returns TRUE if any one condition is true

Syntax #

=OR(condition1, condition2)

Example

=IF(OR(A2>=100, B2="Yes"), "Approved", "Rejected")

Only one condition needs to be true

IF + AND + OR (Combined Use) #

Example: #

=IF(AND(A2>=50, OR(B2="Yes", C2="Yes")), "Pass", "Fail")

Logic:

• Marks ≥ 50
• AND (Attendance OR Assignment complete)

IFERROR Function #

Definition #

Handles errors in formulas

Syntax #

=IFERROR(value, value_if_error)

Example #

Scenario: Division #

=A2/B2

❌ If B2 = 0 → Error

✅ Fix:

=IFERROR(A2/B2, "Error")

Shows “Error” instead of crash

Practical Example (Full Scenario) #

=IF(AND(A2>=100, B2="Yes"), "Achieved", "Not Achieved")

Table #